# Word vectors - doc2vec - text clustering

#### Lampros Mouselimis

#### 2023-12-04

This vignette discuss the new functionality, which is added in the textTinyR package (version 1.1.0). I’ll explain some of the functions by using the data and pre-processing steps of this blog-post.

The following code chunks assume that the nltk-corpus is already downloaded and the reticulate package is installed,

    NLTK = reticulate::import("nltk.corpus")

    text_reuters = NLTK$reuters

    nltk = reticulate::import("nltk")

    # if the 'reuters' data is not already available then it can be downloaded from within R

    nltk$download('reuters')

    documents = text_reuters$fileids()

    str(documents)

    # List of categories
    categories = text_reuters$categories()

    str(categories)

    # Documents in a category
    category_docs = text_reuters$fileids("acq")

    str(category_docs)

    one_doc = text_reuters$raw("test/14843")

    one_doc

The collection originally consisted of 21,578 documents but a subset and split is traditionally used. The most common split is Mod-Apte which only considers categories that have at least one document in the training set and the test set. The Mod-Apte split has 90 categories with a training set of 7769 documents and a test set of 3019 documents.

    documents = text_reuters$fileids()

    # document ids for train - test
    train_docs_id = documents[as.vector(sapply(documents, function(i) substr(i, 1, 5) == "train"))]
    test_docs_id = documents[as.vector(sapply(documents, function(i) substr(i, 1, 4) == "test"))]

    train_docs = lapply(1:length(train_docs_id), function(x) text_reuters$raw(train_docs_id[x]))
    test_docs = lapply(1:length(test_docs_id), function(x) text_reuters$raw(test_docs_id[x]))

    str(train_docs)
    str(test_docs)

    # train - test labels  [ some categories might have more than one label (overlapping) ]

    train_labels = as.vector(sapply(train_docs_id, function(x) text_reuters$categories(x)))
    test_labels = as.vector(sapply(test_docs_id, function(x) text_reuters$categories(x)))

### textTinyR - fastTextR - doc2vec - kmeans - cluster_medoids

First, I’ll perform the following pre-processing steps :

- convert to lower case
- trim tokens
- remove stopwords
- porter stemming
- keep words with minimum number of characters equal to 3

    concat = c(unlist(train_docs), unlist(test_docs))

    length(concat)

    clust_vec = textTinyR::tokenize_transform_vec_docs(object = concat, as_token = T,
                                                       to_lower = T,
                                                       remove_punctuation_vector = F,
                                                       remove_numbers = F,
                                                       trim_token = T,
                                                       split_string = T,
                                                       split_separator = " \r\n\t.,;:()?!//",
                                                       remove_stopwords = T,
                                                       language = "english",
                                                       min_num_char = 3,
                                                       max_num_char = 100,
                                                       stemmer = "porter2_stemmer",
                                                       threads = 4,
                                                       verbose = T)

    unq = unique(unlist(clust_vec$token, recursive = F))
    length(unq)

    # I'll build also the term matrix as I'll need the global-term-weights

    utl = textTinyR::sparse_term_matrix$new(vector_data = concat, file_data = NULL,
                                            document_term_matrix = TRUE)

    tm = utl$Term_Matrix(sort_terms = FALSE, to_lower = T, remove_punctuation_vector = F,
                         remove_numbers = F, trim_token = T, split_string = T,
                         stemmer = "porter2_stemmer",
                         split_separator = " \r\n\t.,;:()?!//", remove_stopwords = T,
                         language = "english", min_num_char = 3, max_num_char = 100,
                         print_every_rows = 100000, normalize = NULL, tf_idf = F,
                         threads = 6, verbose = T)

    gl_term_w = utl$global_term_weights()

    str(gl_term_w)

For simplicity, I’ll use the Reuters data as input to the fastTextR::skipgram_cbow function. The data has to be first pre-processed and then saved to a file,

     save_dat = textTinyR::tokenize_transform_vec_docs(object = concat, as_token = T,
                                                       to_lower = T,
                                                       remove_punctuation_vector = F,
                                                       remove_numbers = F, trim_token = T,
                                                       split_string = T,
                                                       split_separator = " \r\n\t.,;:()?!//",
                                                       remove_stopwords = T, language = "english",
                                                       min_num_char = 3, max_num_char = 100,
                                                       stemmer = "porter2_stemmer",
                                                       path_2folder = "/path_to_your_folder/",
                                                       threads = 1,                     # whenever I save data to file set the number threads to 1
                                                       verbose = T)

UPDATE 11-04-2019: There is an updated version of the fastText R package which includes all the features of the ported fasttext library. Therefore the old fastTextR repository is archived. See also the corresponding blog-post.

Then, I’ll load the previously saved data and I’ll use fastTextR to build the word-vectors,

    PATH_INPUT = "/path_to_your_folder/output_token_single_file.txt"

    PATH_OUT = "/path_to_your_folder/rt_fst_model"

    vecs = fastTextR::skipgram_cbow(input_path = PATH_INPUT, output_path = PATH_OUT,
                                    method = "skipgram", lr = 0.075, lrUpdateRate = 100,
                                    dim = 300, ws = 5, epoch = 5, minCount = 1, neg = 5,
                                    wordNgrams = 2, loss = "ns", bucket = 2e+06,
                                    minn = 0, maxn = 0, thread = 6, t = 1e-04, verbose = 2)

Before using one of the three methods, it would be better to reduce the initial dimensions of the word-vectors (rows of the matrix). So, I’ll keep the word-vectors for which the terms appear in the Reuters data set - clust_vec$token ( although it’s not applicable in this case, if the resulted word-vectors were based on external data - say the Wikipedia data - then their dimensions would be way larger and many of the terms would be redundant for the Reuters data set increasing that way the computation time considerably when invoking one of the doc2vec methods),

    init = textTinyR::Doc2Vec$new(token_list = clust_vec$token,

                                  word_vector_FILE = "path_to_your_folder/rt_fst_model.vec",

                                  print_every_rows = 5000,

                                  verbose = TRUE,

                                  copy_data = FALSE)                  # use of external pointer

    pre-processing of input data starts ...
    File is successfully opened
    total.number.lines.processed.input: 25000
    creation of index starts ...
    intersection of tokens and wordvec character strings starts ...
    modification of indices starts ...
    final processing of data starts ...
    File is successfully opened
    total.number.lines.processed.output: 25000

In case that copy_data = TRUE then the pre-processed data can be observed before invoking one of the ‘doc2vec’ methods,

    # res_wv = init$pre_processed_wv()
    #
    # str(res_wv)

Then, I can use one of the three methods (sum_sqrt, min_max_norm, idf) to receive the transformed vectors. These methods are based on the following blog-posts , see especially:

- `www.linkedin.com/pulse/duplicate-quora-question-abhishek-thakur`
- `https://erogol.com/duplicate-question-detection-deep-learning/`

    doc2_sum = init$doc2vec_methods(method = "sum_sqrt", threads = 6)
    doc2_norm = init$doc2vec_methods(method = "min_max_norm", threads = 6)
    doc2_idf = init$doc2vec_methods(method = "idf", global_term_weights = gl_term_w, threads = 6)

    rows_cols = 1:5

    doc2_sum[rows_cols, rows_cols]
    doc2_norm[rows_cols, rows_cols]
    doc2_idf[rows_cols, rows_cols]

    > dim(doc2_sum)
    [1] 10788   300
    > dim(doc2_norm)
    [1] 10788   300
    > dim(doc2_idf)
    [1] 10788   300

For illustration, I’ll use the resulted word-vectors of the sum_sqrt method. The approach described can be used as an alternative to Latent semantic indexing (LSI) or topic-modeling in order to discover categories in text data (documents).

First, someone can seach for the optimal number of clusters using the Optimal_Clusters_KMeans function of the ClusterR package,

    scal_dat = ClusterR::center_scale(doc2_sum)     # center and scale the data

    opt_cl = ClusterR::Optimal_Clusters_KMeans(scal_dat, max_clusters = 15,
                                               criterion = "distortion_fK",
                                               fK_threshold = 0.85, num_init = 3,
                                               max_iters = 50,
                                               initializer = "kmeans++", tol = 1e-04,
                                               plot_clusters = TRUE,
                                               verbose = T, tol_optimal_init = 0.3,
                                               seed = 1)

Based on the output of the Optimal_Clusters_KMeans function, I’ll pick 5 as the optimal number of clusters in order to perform k-means clustering,

    num_clust = 5

    km = ClusterR::KMeans_rcpp(scal_dat, clusters = num_clust, num_init = 3, max_iters = 50,
                               initializer = "kmeans++", fuzzy = T, verbose = F,
                               CENTROIDS = NULL, tol = 1e-04, tol_optimal_init = 0.3, seed = 2)

    table(km$clusters)

       1    2    3    4    5
     713 2439 2393 2607 2636

As a follow up, someone can also perform cluster-medoids clustering using the pearson-correlation metric, which resembles the cosine distance ( the latter is frequently used for text clustering ),

    kmed = ClusterR::Cluster_Medoids(scal_dat, clusters = num_clust,
                                     distance_metric = "pearson_correlation",
                                     minkowski_p = 1, threads = 6, swap_phase = TRUE,
                                     fuzzy = FALSE, verbose = F, seed = 1)

    table(kmed$clusters)

       1    2    3    4    5
    2396 2293 2680  875 2544

Finally, the word-frequencies of the documents can be obtained using the cluster_frequency function, which groups the tokens (words) of the documents based on which cluster each document appears,

    freq_clust = textTinyR::cluster_frequency(tokenized_list_text = clust_vec$token,
                                              cluster_vector = km$clusters, verbose = T)

    Time difference of 0.1762383 secs

    > freq_clust

    $`3`
             WORDS COUNTS
       1:      mln   8701
       2:      000   6741
       3:      cts   6260
       4:      net   5949
       5:     loss   4628
      ---
    6417:    vira>      1
    6418:    gain>      1
    6419:     pwj>      1
    6420: drummond      1
    6421: parisian      1

    $`1`
             WORDS COUNTS
       1:      cts   1303
       2:   record    696
       3:    april    669
       4:      &lt    652
       5: dividend    554
      ---
    1833:     hvt>      1
    1834:    bang>      1
    1835:   replac      1
    1836:    stbk>      1
    1837:     bic>      1

    $`4`
             WORDS COUNTS
        1:     mln   6137
        2:     pct   5084
        3:    dlrs   4024
        4:    year   3397
        5: billion   3390
       ---
    10968:   heijn      1
    10969: "behind      1
    10970:    myo>      1
    10971:  "favor      1
    10972: wonder>      1

    $`5`
                      WORDS COUNTS
        1:              &lt   4244
        2:            share   3748
        3:             dlrs   3274
        4:          compani   3184
        5:              mln   2659
       ---
    13059:        often-fat      1
    13060: computerknowledg      1
    13061:       fibrinolyt      1
    13062:           hercul      1
    13063:           ceroni      1

    $`2`
                 WORDS COUNTS
        1:       trade   3077
        2:        bank   2578
        3:      market   2535
        4:         pct   2416
        5:        rate   2308
       ---
    13702:        "mfn      1
    13703:         uk>      1
    13704:    honolulu      1
    13705:        arap      1
    13706: infinitesim      1

    freq_clust_kmed = textTinyR::cluster_frequency(tokenized_list_text = clust_vec$token,
                                                   cluster_vector = kmed$clusters, verbose = T)

    Time difference of 0.1685851 secs

This is one of the ways that the transformed word-vectors can be used and is solely based on tokens (words) and word frequencies. However a more advanced approach would be to cluster documents based on word n-grams and take advantage of graphs as explained here in order to plot the nodes, edges and text.

References:

- https://miguelmalvarez.com/2015/03/20/classifying-reuters-21578-collection-with-python-representing-the-data/
- `www.linkedin.com/pulse/duplicate-quora-question-abhishek-thakur`
- `https://erogol.com/duplicate-question-detection-deep-learning/`
- https://www.tidytextmining.com/ngrams.html#visualizing-bigrams-in-other-texts